Friday 30 January 2015

CLASS VII WORKSHEET 2


WORKSHEET 2
Q1  Give one word for the following :                                                                            (1×10=10)                                   
1.       Gold capital of world____________
2.       Gateway of Canadian prairies ___________
3.       Bison is endangered list in ____________
4.       Sahara desert is located in ___________
5.       Person engaged in wholesale trade __________
6.       Son of chhatrapati shivaji ________
7.       He built famous city of jaipur ________
8.       Wheat basket of world __________
9.       Temperate grasslands in africa ______________
10.   Freshwater lake in sahara ___________
Q2 write short note on :                                                                                                  (2×3=6)                                                      
a)      Peshwa baji rao I
b)      Life of people of sahara
c)       Location of velds
Q3 Goods travel through a chain of market 5tbefore reaching consumers. Explain ?                                         
Q4 Critically evaluate emergence of Bengal as an independent state ?                                                                
Q5 Describe what type of services a wholesaler renders to society ?                                                                    
Q6 What were the causes of downfalls of mughals ?                                                                                                   

CLASS VII WORKSHEET 1

        WORKSHEET  - 1
Q1  Give one word for the following :                                                                                    (1×10=10)                           
1.       Nadir shah invaded the subcontinent during the rule of ________
2.       The third battle of panipat took place between _________
3.       Major industry  in areas between great lakes and atlantic coast________
4.       Climate of prairies_______
5.       Ladakh desert lies to the east of Indian state  ___________
6.       Annual rainfall of ladakh _________
7.       Chemist shop is an example of _______
8.       Markets held once or twice in a week _________
9.       Vegetable mandis are an example of ___________
10.   Last mughal emperor ________
Q2 write short note on :                                                                                                  (2×3=6)                                             
a)      Shivaji’s administration
b)      Life of people of ladakh
c)       Types of market
Q3 ‘Prairies are called bread basket of nation’ . why ?                                                                      (3)                            
Q4 Cite three differences between Prairies and velds?                                                                       (3)   
Q5 Describe the life of people in temperate grasslands of south Africa ?                                             (4)                  
Q6 How is the climate in sahara is different from that in ladakh ?                                                        (4)                   

CLASS -VII SYLLABUS


 SYLLABUS

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT – II 

HISTORY
Ch – 7  Towns , traders and craftsmen
 Ch – 10 New political formations in 18th century

GEOGRAPHY    
Ch – 9 Life in temperate grasslands
 Ch – 10 Life in deserts

CIVICS
 Ch – 6 market around us
Ch – 7 struggle for equality

Thursday 29 January 2015

CLASS-X CHAPTER-7 LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

Chapter 7
LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY
1. How have the various means of transport and communication converted the world into a large village? Explain it with examples? 
• We have now living in an age of superfast means of transport and most modern means of communication like satellites and internets. 
• Due to the above facilities the national and international markets have developed. The whole country has now become a single market. 
• Through air transport we can reach the remotest parts of the world. Through satellites we can communicate with any part of the world with in no time. 
• Modern means of transport and communication have drastically reduced distances. 
• Physical distances between countries have now become meaningless. 
• Now it seems that the modern means of transport and communication have converted the world into a large village. 

2. “Various means of transport and communication are called the lifelines of modern economy,” Explain. 
• For an efficient functioning of the nation effective transport and communications are necessary. 
• Economic development of a region or country depends upon the network of transport and communication.
• They help in industrial development by assembling raw materials at factory sites and quick distribution of finished products. 
• They help in knitting the far-flung region into a single national economy. 
• They are important both in times of peace and war and also during natural disaster. 
• They create feelings of unity and oneness among the people by reducing social inequality, political fragmentation and economic isolation of remote areas. 

3. How is road transportation advantageous and disadvantageous? 
Advantages:
• Roads are highly suitable for rural areas and remote areas. 
• Roads provide door-door service, hence cost of loading and unloading is low. 
• It can be constructed even on steep slopes in hilly and rugged areas. 
• Suitable for short and medium distances. 
• They connect farms, fields, factories and markets. 
• They are helpful in transporting perishable goods. 
• Cost of construction is much lesser than the railways and airways. 
• Roads help in the defense of the country. 
Disadvantages: 
- Not suitable for long distances.
- Cannot transport huge and bulky goods.
- Journey by road is not very comfortable.
- Prone to various accidents.
- Generally associated with traffic jams.
- Most of the vehicles cause environmental pollution.
- Cost of construction of road transport is higher than that of railways.
- Cost of maintenance of the roads are high.
- Half of the roads are un-surfaced.
Q.4. Write the advantages and disadvantages of rail network.
Advantages:
- Suitable for long distances.
- Provide links among major cities of the country.
- Ideal for transporting non perishable, heavy and bulky goods.
- Helpful in developing country’s economy and rational integration.
- Provides door to door service through its container service of goods.
Disadvantages:
- Delay caused due to transshipment of goods and passengers from one garage to other.
- Stops at fixed posts only.
- Less suitable for transporting perishable goods.
- Construction on high altitudes are difficult.

Q5. Explain the four main problems faced by Indian railways.
Problems faced by Indian railways are:
- Many passengers travel without tickets causing loss of railway revenue;
- They pull chains unnecessarily which leads to late running of trains.
- People stop trains which cause heavy losses to the railways.
- Theft and damage of railway property are service problems.

Q6. What is pipeline transportation? State its three important networks in India.
a) It is a mode of transportation in which petroleum, gas and solids in slurry form are transported over long distances


b) Important pipeline networks in India are:
1. From oil fields in upper Assam to Kanpur Via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad.
2. From Salaya in Gujrat to Jalandhar in Punjab.
3. Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujrat to Jagdishpur in UP and Vijay pur in Madhyapradesh. (HVJ)
4. Mumbai high to Mumbai.
5. Mimbai to Pune.

Q7. Explain the merits and demerits of Air transport by stating 2 points.
Merits
(i) It is the fastest mode of transport and hence it reduces the distance drastically and converted the world into one well knit unit.
(ii) It is free of all obstacles on land. Aero planes fly over mountains, deserts, forests, water bodies, etc. and take us to places not connected by roads, railways or waterways.
(iii) It is of special significance for the defense of a country in difficult terrain.
(iv) It plans a vital role in the event of natural and human made calamities like floods, famines, earthquakes, epidemics.
(v) It is highly suitable for sending valuable goods like life saving drugs, perishable commodities, mails etc.
Demerits:
1. It is the costliest mode of transport; hence it is beyond the reach of common people.
2. It is more adversely affected by bad weather conditions than any other means of transport.
3. It uses the air passage over any country only after its permission.
4. It creates sound pollution and during accidents chances of survival are very rare.
Q8. Classify the means of transport. 
Means of transport are classified into 
Land, water and air
Land transport is classified into - Road ways, Railways and Pipelines
Water transport is classified into - inland waterways and over seas waterways
Air transport is classified into - domestic airways and international air ways. 
Q9. Describe super highways and their significance. 
SUPER HIGHWAYS :
GOLDEN QUADRILATERAL: 
This major road development project links the metropolitan cities of Delhi – Mumbai – Chennai and Kolkata. These are six lane superways. 
NORTH SOUTH CORRIDOR AND EAST WEST CORRIDOR
North south corridor links Srinagar ( Jammu and Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) and East west corridor connects Silcher ( Assam )to Porbandhar (Gujarat) 
The main objectives of the super Highways are to reduce distance between mega cities. These highways are implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)
Q10. Describe different highways in India. 
National Highways: These roads connect extreme parts of the country. They are laid and maintained by the central public works department (CPWD). Sher Shah Suri Marg is an important national highway. 
State Highway: Roads that link the state capital. These roads are constructed and maintained by the state government. 
District roads: These roads connect the district headquarters and important towns Maintained by zila parishad. 
Other roads: These are the rural roads which link rural areas and villages. These roads got impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana. 
Border roads: maintained by the Border Roads Organisation a Government of India. These roads connect the strategic points and in accessible areas of the country. 
Q11. How are roads classified on the basis of materials.
Metalled and un metalled (use of cement, concrete, coal etc..)
Q12. What are the factors that affect the distribution of railway net work?
Physiographic, economic and administrative factors affect the distributions of railways. . Example – The Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief. Sparse population and lack of economic opportunities too affect the distribution. 
Q13. Name the National waterways of India ?
Water ways are the cheapest means of transport. They carry passengers, heavy and bulky goods. 
• Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia – N.W. No. 1 road
• The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri N.W. No. 2
• The west – coast canal in Kerala (kottapurma – Komman, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals – (205 km) No. 3 are the national waterways. 
Q14. What is the length of the coastline of India? 
7,516.6 km. India has 12 major and 181 medium and minor ports
Q15. Why was the Kandla port created?
Kandla port was developed after the partition of India to ease the volume of trade on the mumbai port. Due to partition Karachi port was lost and Kandla port was created. Kandla is tidal port. It handles imports and exports. 
Q16. Write a note on various ports of India. 
Mumbai Port: Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well sheltered harbour. 
Jawaharlal Nehru port: was planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as hub port for this region. 
Marmagao port: (Goa) is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country. It accounts 50% of India’s iron ore export. 
New Mangalore port: located in Karnataka exdprts iron ore concentrated from kudremukh mines 
Kochi: is the extreme south western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbor. 
Q17. What is the main purpose of dividing Indian railways into different zones?
The main purpose of dividing Indian railways is the better management and development of railways in different zones. There are 16 railway zones in India. 
The railway zones are named after Primary directions like North zone – New Delhi, South zone – Chennai, East zone – kolkatta, west zone – Mumbai church gate. 
Q18. Describe any four improvements made in the rail transport in India. 
1. Construction of new tracks in new areas
2. Conversion of single track into double track, metre gauge lines into broad gauge. 
3. Computer reservation for both onward and return journeys. 
4. Replacement of steam engines by diesel and electric engines. 
5. Fast trains like Rajdhani and Shatabdi Express trains.
6. Introduction of container service for delivery of goods at door steps. 
Q19. What are the four types of air ? state the areas of operation. 
• Indian airlines and Alliance Air: These provide domestic air services to neighbouring countries of south east Asia and the Middle East. 
• Air India: provides international air services.
• Pawanhans : provides helicopter services to oil and Natural Gas Commission in its off shore operations and to inaccessible areas and difficult terrain.
• Private airlines or air taxis: Two private scheduled airlines operate on domestic network and 38 companies operate non-scheduled airlines operate non scheduled air taxis. 
Q20 Write a note on 
a)personal communication: sending and receiving messages at the individual or personal level. The personal means of communications are postal services telegraph, telex, e-mail etc.. 
b) mass communication: provides entertainment and creates awareness among people about various national programmes and policies. It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films. 
c)Postal service: 
• it is the largest network. It handles parcels as well as personal and written communications. 
• Cards and envelopes are considered first class mail and are airlifted between stations covering both land and air.
• The second class mail includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals. 
• They are carried by surface mail, covering land and water transport. 
• mail channels have been introduced recently. 
• They are called Rajdhani Channel, metro channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical channel. 
c) Telecom network: It is one of the largest network in India. India has 37,565 telephone exchanges spread all over the country. More than two thirds of the villages in India are being covered with Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) telephone facility for 24 hours. The rate of STD is uniform all over India. 
d) International trade: It is the economic barometer of a country. Needs, resources and development among nations create conditions for the foreign trade. India exchanges surplus goods with other countries. Foreign trade helps India to improve its productivity in the production of manufactured goods which earn more money. It promotes economic growth, raising income levels of people. It helps our country to import advanced technology of other countries to improve its own production. The prosperity of a country depends on the advancement of its international trade. 
e) Balance of trade: it is the difference between the values of exports and imports of a country in a given year. 
Favourable trade: When the value of exports exceeds that of imports. 
Unfavourable trade: When the value of imports exceeds that of exports.
f) Tourism: Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year. More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry. Tourism also promotes national integration, provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits. It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage,. Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India are important destinations of foreign tourists in India. This is an upcoming industry.

CLASS-X CHAPTER-5 MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES

Chapter 5 
MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES
1. Explain with examples the importance of minerals in our life. 
• Almost everything we use from a tiny pin to a towering building are made from minerals. 
• The railway lines and paving of roads, our implement and machinery are made from minerals. 
• Cars, buses, trains, aero planes are manufactured from minerals and they run on power resources derived from the earth. 
• The food that we eat contains minerals. 
• Minerals are very important for the industrial development of our country. 
2. What are minerals? How are they classified give examples? 
A) Mineral is a naturally occurring substance in the earth crust that has a definite chemical composition and specific physical properties such as colour, hardness, luster and density. Example iron ore, diamond, graphite, copper, zinc etc.. 

B) Minerals can be classified into 3:
• Metallic minerals --- further classified into Ferrous, Non –ferrous and precious. 
(i) Ferrous – contains iron for ex – iron ore, manganese, cobalt and nickel. 
(ii) Non – Ferrous --- containing metals other than iron for example --- copper, tin, bauxite and lead. 
(iii) Precious --- Gold, silver, platinum 
• Non Metallic minerals --- salt, potash, mica, sulphur etc.. 
• Energy resources ---- mineral fuels and fossil fuels ---- coal, petroleum and natural gas. 
3. Name 2 good qualities of iron ore and write the main characterists of each. 
• Iron ore has 2 main qualities, they are magnetite and Haematite. 
• Magnetite --- it is the best quality of iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70%. 
• It is mainly used in electrical industry due to its excellent magnetic qualities. 
• Haematite --- It is the second great iron ore with iron content between 50% to 60%. 
• It is the most important industrial iron as it is mainly used in steel making. 
4. Name the 4 iron ore belt in India and write the names of exporting port of each belt. 
(i) Orissa – Jharkhand --- Paradip (ORISSA)
(ii) Durg – Bastar (Chattisgarh) – Chandrapur (Maharashtra) --- Vishakapatnam (A.P)
(iii) Bellary – Chitradurga - Chikmaglur – Tumkur (Karnataka)
(iv) Maharashtra – Goa belt --- marmagao (Goa)
5. What are the uses of copper and name the states producing copper in India? 
Uses of Copper: 
• Copper is used to manufacture electrical cables, electronic and chemical industries and utensils. 
• Major copper producing states are Madhya Pradesh, (Balaghaat mines produce 52% of India’s copper ), Jharkhand and Rajasthan.
6. Name the ore from which alluminium is obtained? Which is the largest producer of this ore and state 4 qualities of aluminium which make it and important metal for various uses? 
• Aluminium is obtained from bauxite ore. 
• Orissa is the largest producer of bauxite 
• Qualities of aluminium are: strength, extreme lightness, good conductivity of electricity and great malleability. 
7. Why is mica the most indispensible mineral used in electric and electronic industries? 
• Use of mica in electronic industries are due to its excellent di – electric strength, low power loss, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage. 
• Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Andha pradesh are the leading producers of mica. 
8. What are the main uses of limestone and write the major producing states. 
A) (i) It is the basic raw material of cement industry
(ii) It is very essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. 
B) Main producers of lime stone are Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Tamilnadu.
9. Why is the conservation of minerals necessary? 
• Industry and agriculture depends upon minerals and several products are manufactured from them. 
• Mineral resources are finite and non – renewable some day their supply will get exhausted. 
• The total volume of workable mineral deposits is very small i.e.. only 1% of the earth’s crust. 
• The geological process of mineral formation is very slow but we are consuming mineral resources very rapidly. 
• Continuous extraction of minerals lead to increased cost of mining.
• They are taken from greater depth. 
10. What are the methods of conservation of minerals? 
• Use mineral resources in a plan and sustainable manner. 
• Improved technologies need to be evolved constantly for using low grade ores at low cost. 
• Recycling of methods by using scrap material. 
• Wastage in mining and procuring should be minimized by using efficient technologies. 
• Checking the over export of mineral for the greed of earning foreign exchange. 
• Constant efforts to discover new deposit of mineral product and substitution rare mineral by those found in abundance. 
11. Name the types of coal found in India and write the characteristic of each. 
Types of coal: 
• Peat : Decaying plants in swamps produce peat. 
(i) It has low carbon content i.e.. less than 50%. 
(ii) It has high moisture and low heating capacity. 
• Lignite: it is low grade brown colour coal and contains about 60% carbon. 
(i) It is soft with high moisture contents. 
(ii) Neyveli mines are the principle lignite reserves of the country. 
• Bituminous --- it is the most popular coal in commercial use. 
(i) It contains 60% to 80% carbon. 
(ii) It has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnace 
• Anthracite ---- it is the hard coal of best quality. 
(i) It contains more than 80% carbon. 
(ii) It is very less polluted. 
12. What is the difference between Godwana coal deposits and tertiary coal deposits? 
• Gondwana coal deposits are a little over 200 millions years in age while tertiary coal deposit are only about 55 million years old. 
• Gondwana coal deposits are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal, Jharkhand). Its important coal fields are Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro. 
• Tertiary coal deposits are located in Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Nagaland. 
13. What is the importance of petroleum? 
• It is the next major energy resource in India after coal.
• It is widely used as the major power in transportation. 
• It is used in agricultural machines and pumping sets. 
• Lubricating oil obtained during petroleum refining is used in lubricating machinery. 
• Petroleum refining act as a nodal industry in providing raw material for manufacture of various synthetic product such as textile, rubber, plastic etc.. fertilizers such as urea and numerous petro chemical such as face cream, dye and moth balls etc.. 
14. Electricity in India is generated by 3 different methods. Explain.
First method: 
• In this method coal, petroleum or natural gas is burnt to release heat which is used to generate electricity. 
• Electricity generated in this method is called thermal electricity. There are about 310 thermal power plants in India. For examples --- HarduaGanj, Barauni. 
Second Method: 
• In this method the force of the fast flowing or falling water is used to generate electricity. 
• Electricity generated in this method is called hydro electricity. 
• India has a number of multi purpose projects like Bhakra Nangal (Sutluj), Damodar Valley (Damodar) , Hirakud (Mahanadi) 
Third method: 
• In this method change in the atomic structure of certain atomic or nuclear minerals such as uranium and thorium is caused. The change in the atomic structure releases treamendous heat which is used to generate electricity. 
• Electricity generated in this method is called nuclear or atomic energy. 
• India has nuclear power plant such as Tarapur, Narora (U.P), Rawatbatta (Rajasthan), Kaiga (Karnataka), Kakarpara (Gujarat), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu). 
15. “ Water power as a source of energy is more valuable than coal, petroleum, natural gas or atomic energy”. Explain and Justify. 
• Water power is inexhaustible source of energy while the other four are exhaustible. 
• Use of water power does not pollute the environment while the other pollute the environment in some way or other way.
• Expenditure in producing hydroelectricity is less than the expenditure involved in generating electricity by the other sources. 
• The use of water power in certain industries such as aluminium, fertilizers, electroplating etc is more economical. 
16. Explain the difference between conventional and non conventional source of energy. 
Conventional: 
• These have been used since long. Except water power the others are exhaustible. 
• Distribution is uneven. 
• Except water power they cause pollution. 
• Construction of power plant of these sources require huge capital. Example – good fuel, coal, petroleum, natural gas and water power. 
Non conventional : 
• These have been in use only recently. Except nuclear energy the others are inexhaustible. 
• Wide distribution except nuclear energy. 
• Except nuclear energy the other do not pollute environment. 
• Construction of power plant of these source except nuclear energy requires less capital. Example – sun, wing, tide, geothermal energy and nuclear energy. 
17. Why is there a pressing need to use non conventional sources of energy in India? 
• Increasing dependence on coal, petroleum and gas due to growing consumption of energy. 
• Rising prices of coal petroleum and gas. 
• Potential shortages of coal, petroleum and gas in future has raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future. 
• Increasing use of fossil fuel also causes serious environmental problem. 
• India is blessed with abundance of non- conventional resources like wind, tide etc.. 
18. Name the technology which directly convert sunlight into electricity. 
Photovoltaic. 
19. Largest solar plant ---- located at Madhapur (Bhuj, Gujarat)
20. Largest wing farm --- Nagarcoil --- Madurai in Tamil Nadu. 
21. Suggest some ways to use our energy resources judiciously. 
• Using public transport system instead of personal vehicle. 
• Switching of electricity when not in use. 
• Using power saving devices. 
• Checking the power equipment regularly.
• Using non conventional sources of technology.