Chapter 5
MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES
1. Explain with examples the importance of minerals in our life.
• Almost everything we use from a tiny pin to a towering building are made from minerals.
• The railway lines and paving of roads, our implement and machinery are made from minerals.
• Cars, buses, trains, aero planes are manufactured from minerals and they run on power resources derived from the earth.
• The food that we eat contains minerals.
• Minerals are very important for the industrial development of our country.
2. What are minerals? How are they classified give examples?
A) Mineral is a naturally occurring substance in the earth crust that has a definite chemical composition and specific physical properties such as colour, hardness, luster and density. Example iron ore, diamond, graphite, copper, zinc etc..
B) Minerals can be classified into 3:
• Metallic minerals --- further classified into Ferrous, Non –ferrous and precious.
(i) Ferrous – contains iron for ex – iron ore, manganese, cobalt and nickel.
(ii) Non – Ferrous --- containing metals other than iron for example --- copper, tin, bauxite and lead.
(iii) Precious --- Gold, silver, platinum
• Non Metallic minerals --- salt, potash, mica, sulphur etc..
• Energy resources ---- mineral fuels and fossil fuels ---- coal, petroleum and natural gas.
3. Name 2 good qualities of iron ore and write the main characterists of each.
• Iron ore has 2 main qualities, they are magnetite and Haematite.
• Magnetite --- it is the best quality of iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70%.
• It is mainly used in electrical industry due to its excellent magnetic qualities.
• Haematite --- It is the second great iron ore with iron content between 50% to 60%.
• It is the most important industrial iron as it is mainly used in steel making.
4. Name the 4 iron ore belt in India and write the names of exporting port of each belt.
(i) Orissa – Jharkhand --- Paradip (ORISSA)
(ii) Durg – Bastar (Chattisgarh) – Chandrapur (Maharashtra) --- Vishakapatnam (A.P)
(iii) Bellary – Chitradurga - Chikmaglur – Tumkur (Karnataka)
(iv) Maharashtra – Goa belt --- marmagao (Goa)
5. What are the uses of copper and name the states producing copper in India?
Uses of Copper:
• Copper is used to manufacture electrical cables, electronic and chemical industries and utensils.
• Major copper producing states are Madhya Pradesh, (Balaghaat mines produce 52% of India’s copper ), Jharkhand and Rajasthan.
6. Name the ore from which alluminium is obtained? Which is the largest producer of this ore and state 4 qualities of aluminium which make it and important metal for various uses?
• Aluminium is obtained from bauxite ore.
• Orissa is the largest producer of bauxite
• Qualities of aluminium are: strength, extreme lightness, good conductivity of electricity and great malleability.
7. Why is mica the most indispensible mineral used in electric and electronic industries?
• Use of mica in electronic industries are due to its excellent di – electric strength, low power loss, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage.
• Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Andha pradesh are the leading producers of mica.
8. What are the main uses of limestone and write the major producing states.
A) (i) It is the basic raw material of cement industry
(ii) It is very essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
B) Main producers of lime stone are Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Tamilnadu.
9. Why is the conservation of minerals necessary?
• Industry and agriculture depends upon minerals and several products are manufactured from them.
• Mineral resources are finite and non – renewable some day their supply will get exhausted.
• The total volume of workable mineral deposits is very small i.e.. only 1% of the earth’s crust.
• The geological process of mineral formation is very slow but we are consuming mineral resources very rapidly.
• Continuous extraction of minerals lead to increased cost of mining.
• They are taken from greater depth.
10. What are the methods of conservation of minerals?
• Use mineral resources in a plan and sustainable manner.
• Improved technologies need to be evolved constantly for using low grade ores at low cost.
• Recycling of methods by using scrap material.
• Wastage in mining and procuring should be minimized by using efficient technologies.
• Checking the over export of mineral for the greed of earning foreign exchange.
• Constant efforts to discover new deposit of mineral product and substitution rare mineral by those found in abundance.
11. Name the types of coal found in India and write the characteristic of each.
Types of coal:
• Peat : Decaying plants in swamps produce peat.
(i) It has low carbon content i.e.. less than 50%.
(ii) It has high moisture and low heating capacity.
• Lignite: it is low grade brown colour coal and contains about 60% carbon.
(i) It is soft with high moisture contents.
(ii) Neyveli mines are the principle lignite reserves of the country.
• Bituminous --- it is the most popular coal in commercial use.
(i) It contains 60% to 80% carbon.
(ii) It has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnace
• Anthracite ---- it is the hard coal of best quality.
(i) It contains more than 80% carbon.
(ii) It is very less polluted.
12. What is the difference between Godwana coal deposits and tertiary coal deposits?
• Gondwana coal deposits are a little over 200 millions years in age while tertiary coal deposit are only about 55 million years old.
• Gondwana coal deposits are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal, Jharkhand). Its important coal fields are Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro.
• Tertiary coal deposits are located in Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Nagaland.
13. What is the importance of petroleum?
• It is the next major energy resource in India after coal.
• It is widely used as the major power in transportation.
• It is used in agricultural machines and pumping sets.
• Lubricating oil obtained during petroleum refining is used in lubricating machinery.
• Petroleum refining act as a nodal industry in providing raw material for manufacture of various synthetic product such as textile, rubber, plastic etc.. fertilizers such as urea and numerous petro chemical such as face cream, dye and moth balls etc..
14. Electricity in India is generated by 3 different methods. Explain.
First method:
• In this method coal, petroleum or natural gas is burnt to release heat which is used to generate electricity.
• Electricity generated in this method is called thermal electricity. There are about 310 thermal power plants in India. For examples --- HarduaGanj, Barauni.
Second Method:
• In this method the force of the fast flowing or falling water is used to generate electricity.
• Electricity generated in this method is called hydro electricity.
• India has a number of multi purpose projects like Bhakra Nangal (Sutluj), Damodar Valley (Damodar) , Hirakud (Mahanadi)
Third method:
• In this method change in the atomic structure of certain atomic or nuclear minerals such as uranium and thorium is caused. The change in the atomic structure releases treamendous heat which is used to generate electricity.
• Electricity generated in this method is called nuclear or atomic energy.
• India has nuclear power plant such as Tarapur, Narora (U.P), Rawatbatta (Rajasthan), Kaiga (Karnataka), Kakarpara (Gujarat), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu).
15. “ Water power as a source of energy is more valuable than coal, petroleum, natural gas or atomic energy”. Explain and Justify.
• Water power is inexhaustible source of energy while the other four are exhaustible.
• Use of water power does not pollute the environment while the other pollute the environment in some way or other way.
• Expenditure in producing hydroelectricity is less than the expenditure involved in generating electricity by the other sources.
• The use of water power in certain industries such as aluminium, fertilizers, electroplating etc is more economical.
16. Explain the difference between conventional and non conventional source of energy.
Conventional:
• These have been used since long. Except water power the others are exhaustible.
• Distribution is uneven.
• Except water power they cause pollution.
• Construction of power plant of these sources require huge capital. Example – good fuel, coal, petroleum, natural gas and water power.
Non conventional :
• These have been in use only recently. Except nuclear energy the others are inexhaustible.
• Wide distribution except nuclear energy.
• Except nuclear energy the other do not pollute environment.
• Construction of power plant of these source except nuclear energy requires less capital. Example – sun, wing, tide, geothermal energy and nuclear energy.
17. Why is there a pressing need to use non conventional sources of energy in India?
• Increasing dependence on coal, petroleum and gas due to growing consumption of energy.
• Rising prices of coal petroleum and gas.
• Potential shortages of coal, petroleum and gas in future has raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future.
• Increasing use of fossil fuel also causes serious environmental problem.
• India is blessed with abundance of non- conventional resources like wind, tide etc..
18. Name the technology which directly convert sunlight into electricity.
Photovoltaic.
19. Largest solar plant ---- located at Madhapur (Bhuj, Gujarat)
20. Largest wing farm --- Nagarcoil --- Madurai in Tamil Nadu.
21. Suggest some ways to use our energy resources judiciously.
• Using public transport system instead of personal vehicle.
• Switching of electricity when not in use.
• Using power saving devices.
• Checking the power equipment regularly.
• Using non conventional sources of technology.
MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES
1. Explain with examples the importance of minerals in our life.
• Almost everything we use from a tiny pin to a towering building are made from minerals.
• The railway lines and paving of roads, our implement and machinery are made from minerals.
• Cars, buses, trains, aero planes are manufactured from minerals and they run on power resources derived from the earth.
• The food that we eat contains minerals.
• Minerals are very important for the industrial development of our country.
2. What are minerals? How are they classified give examples?
A) Mineral is a naturally occurring substance in the earth crust that has a definite chemical composition and specific physical properties such as colour, hardness, luster and density. Example iron ore, diamond, graphite, copper, zinc etc..
B) Minerals can be classified into 3:
• Metallic minerals --- further classified into Ferrous, Non –ferrous and precious.
(i) Ferrous – contains iron for ex – iron ore, manganese, cobalt and nickel.
(ii) Non – Ferrous --- containing metals other than iron for example --- copper, tin, bauxite and lead.
(iii) Precious --- Gold, silver, platinum
• Non Metallic minerals --- salt, potash, mica, sulphur etc..
• Energy resources ---- mineral fuels and fossil fuels ---- coal, petroleum and natural gas.
3. Name 2 good qualities of iron ore and write the main characterists of each.
• Iron ore has 2 main qualities, they are magnetite and Haematite.
• Magnetite --- it is the best quality of iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70%.
• It is mainly used in electrical industry due to its excellent magnetic qualities.
• Haematite --- It is the second great iron ore with iron content between 50% to 60%.
• It is the most important industrial iron as it is mainly used in steel making.
4. Name the 4 iron ore belt in India and write the names of exporting port of each belt.
(i) Orissa – Jharkhand --- Paradip (ORISSA)
(ii) Durg – Bastar (Chattisgarh) – Chandrapur (Maharashtra) --- Vishakapatnam (A.P)
(iii) Bellary – Chitradurga - Chikmaglur – Tumkur (Karnataka)
(iv) Maharashtra – Goa belt --- marmagao (Goa)
5. What are the uses of copper and name the states producing copper in India?
Uses of Copper:
• Copper is used to manufacture electrical cables, electronic and chemical industries and utensils.
• Major copper producing states are Madhya Pradesh, (Balaghaat mines produce 52% of India’s copper ), Jharkhand and Rajasthan.
6. Name the ore from which alluminium is obtained? Which is the largest producer of this ore and state 4 qualities of aluminium which make it and important metal for various uses?
• Aluminium is obtained from bauxite ore.
• Orissa is the largest producer of bauxite
• Qualities of aluminium are: strength, extreme lightness, good conductivity of electricity and great malleability.
7. Why is mica the most indispensible mineral used in electric and electronic industries?
• Use of mica in electronic industries are due to its excellent di – electric strength, low power loss, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage.
• Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Andha pradesh are the leading producers of mica.
8. What are the main uses of limestone and write the major producing states.
A) (i) It is the basic raw material of cement industry
(ii) It is very essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
B) Main producers of lime stone are Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Tamilnadu.
9. Why is the conservation of minerals necessary?
• Industry and agriculture depends upon minerals and several products are manufactured from them.
• Mineral resources are finite and non – renewable some day their supply will get exhausted.
• The total volume of workable mineral deposits is very small i.e.. only 1% of the earth’s crust.
• The geological process of mineral formation is very slow but we are consuming mineral resources very rapidly.
• Continuous extraction of minerals lead to increased cost of mining.
• They are taken from greater depth.
10. What are the methods of conservation of minerals?
• Use mineral resources in a plan and sustainable manner.
• Improved technologies need to be evolved constantly for using low grade ores at low cost.
• Recycling of methods by using scrap material.
• Wastage in mining and procuring should be minimized by using efficient technologies.
• Checking the over export of mineral for the greed of earning foreign exchange.
• Constant efforts to discover new deposit of mineral product and substitution rare mineral by those found in abundance.
11. Name the types of coal found in India and write the characteristic of each.
Types of coal:
• Peat : Decaying plants in swamps produce peat.
(i) It has low carbon content i.e.. less than 50%.
(ii) It has high moisture and low heating capacity.
• Lignite: it is low grade brown colour coal and contains about 60% carbon.
(i) It is soft with high moisture contents.
(ii) Neyveli mines are the principle lignite reserves of the country.
• Bituminous --- it is the most popular coal in commercial use.
(i) It contains 60% to 80% carbon.
(ii) It has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnace
• Anthracite ---- it is the hard coal of best quality.
(i) It contains more than 80% carbon.
(ii) It is very less polluted.
12. What is the difference between Godwana coal deposits and tertiary coal deposits?
• Gondwana coal deposits are a little over 200 millions years in age while tertiary coal deposit are only about 55 million years old.
• Gondwana coal deposits are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal, Jharkhand). Its important coal fields are Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro.
• Tertiary coal deposits are located in Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Nagaland.
13. What is the importance of petroleum?
• It is the next major energy resource in India after coal.
• It is widely used as the major power in transportation.
• It is used in agricultural machines and pumping sets.
• Lubricating oil obtained during petroleum refining is used in lubricating machinery.
• Petroleum refining act as a nodal industry in providing raw material for manufacture of various synthetic product such as textile, rubber, plastic etc.. fertilizers such as urea and numerous petro chemical such as face cream, dye and moth balls etc..
14. Electricity in India is generated by 3 different methods. Explain.
First method:
• In this method coal, petroleum or natural gas is burnt to release heat which is used to generate electricity.
• Electricity generated in this method is called thermal electricity. There are about 310 thermal power plants in India. For examples --- HarduaGanj, Barauni.
Second Method:
• In this method the force of the fast flowing or falling water is used to generate electricity.
• Electricity generated in this method is called hydro electricity.
• India has a number of multi purpose projects like Bhakra Nangal (Sutluj), Damodar Valley (Damodar) , Hirakud (Mahanadi)
Third method:
• In this method change in the atomic structure of certain atomic or nuclear minerals such as uranium and thorium is caused. The change in the atomic structure releases treamendous heat which is used to generate electricity.
• Electricity generated in this method is called nuclear or atomic energy.
• India has nuclear power plant such as Tarapur, Narora (U.P), Rawatbatta (Rajasthan), Kaiga (Karnataka), Kakarpara (Gujarat), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu).
15. “ Water power as a source of energy is more valuable than coal, petroleum, natural gas or atomic energy”. Explain and Justify.
• Water power is inexhaustible source of energy while the other four are exhaustible.
• Use of water power does not pollute the environment while the other pollute the environment in some way or other way.
• Expenditure in producing hydroelectricity is less than the expenditure involved in generating electricity by the other sources.
• The use of water power in certain industries such as aluminium, fertilizers, electroplating etc is more economical.
16. Explain the difference between conventional and non conventional source of energy.
Conventional:
• These have been used since long. Except water power the others are exhaustible.
• Distribution is uneven.
• Except water power they cause pollution.
• Construction of power plant of these sources require huge capital. Example – good fuel, coal, petroleum, natural gas and water power.
Non conventional :
• These have been in use only recently. Except nuclear energy the others are inexhaustible.
• Wide distribution except nuclear energy.
• Except nuclear energy the other do not pollute environment.
• Construction of power plant of these source except nuclear energy requires less capital. Example – sun, wing, tide, geothermal energy and nuclear energy.
17. Why is there a pressing need to use non conventional sources of energy in India?
• Increasing dependence on coal, petroleum and gas due to growing consumption of energy.
• Rising prices of coal petroleum and gas.
• Potential shortages of coal, petroleum and gas in future has raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future.
• Increasing use of fossil fuel also causes serious environmental problem.
• India is blessed with abundance of non- conventional resources like wind, tide etc..
18. Name the technology which directly convert sunlight into electricity.
Photovoltaic.
19. Largest solar plant ---- located at Madhapur (Bhuj, Gujarat)
20. Largest wing farm --- Nagarcoil --- Madurai in Tamil Nadu.
21. Suggest some ways to use our energy resources judiciously.
• Using public transport system instead of personal vehicle.
• Switching of electricity when not in use.
• Using power saving devices.
• Checking the power equipment regularly.
• Using non conventional sources of technology.
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